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We evaluated its transformation rules in two experiments. In Experiment 1, we examined our transformation rules for conversational representation in relation to sentence length. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF.
Siu-Tsen Shen. Related Papers. Chapter in the book: Advances in Human- … Multimodal accessibility of documents. A minimal model for predicting visual search in human-computer interaction. Assistive technology A psychotechnological review on eye-tracking systems: towards user experience.
A two-layered approach to make human-robot interaction social and robust. Sustainable knowledge globe: A system for supporting content-oriented conversation. Establishing natural communication environment between a human and a listener robot.
I always was looking for ways to pimp the usual types of queries we use. For example, we developed a fabulous list of operational collections that we can use for our day-to-day deployments. But, that stays static. What I mean by that is if your collection targets workstations, you will always target workstations minus or more of the workstations that get added as the query gets updated.
I personally like when things are a little more dynamic. If I target a deployment for workstations, I would like to see that collection drop to 50, 40, 25 or whatever the count of objects as the deployment succeeds on workstations. We have a deployment. We want to deploy this on all our workstations. Simple right? What if we add to the same query another criteria that exclude all workstations where the Deployment ID for 7-Zip is successful? As the workstations install the software and return a success code to their management point, this query will rerun itself and should yield fewer and fewer objects.
Now, you can use this for all your deployments. But to be optimal, you need to use Package deployments and not applications. So I stated earlier, we start with a very basic package for 7-Zip. And as we typically do, this program is deployed to a collection, in this case I went very originally with Deploy 7-Zip.
Nothing special with our collection the way we usually do it. My current query lists a grand total of 4 objects in my collection. You can clearly see the type of rule is set to Query.
Note: I set my updates on collections at 30 minutes. This is my personal lab. I would in no case set this for a real live production collection. Most aggressive I would typically go for would be 8 hours.
Understanding WQL can be a challenge if you never played around with it. Press Ok. As you can see in the screenshot below, my count went down by two since I already had successfully deployed it to half my test machines.
Ok, now that we have that dynamic query up and running, why not try and improve on the overall deployment technique, shall we? As you know, a program will be deployed when the Assignment schedule time is reached.
If you have computers that are offline, they will receive their installation when they boot up their workstation, unless you have a maintenance window preventing it.
Unless you have set a recurring schedule, it will not rerun. By having a dynamic collection as we did above, combined with a recurring schedule, you can reattempt the installation on all workstations that failed the installation without starting the process for nothing on a workstation that succeeded to install it.
As I said earlier, the goal of this post is not necessarily to replace your deployment methods. By targeting the SCCM client installation error codes, you will have a better idea of what is happening during client installation.
The error codes are not an exact science, they can defer depending on the situation. For a better understanding of ccmsetup error codes, read this great post from Jason Sandys. A better SCCM client installation rate equals better overall management. You want your SCCM non-client count to be as low as possible. During the SCCM client installation process, monitor the ccmsetup. There are other logs, to which the SCCM client installation relates.
Use the command line net helpmsg , for more information about your return error code. There are chances that the last error code returns an empty value for a device.
Some errors have been added based on our personal experiences. Feel free to send us any new error codes, this list will be updated based on your comments. You can also check the list of client commands list, as additional help for troubleshooting your SCCM clients.
Knowing the client installation status from reports reduces the number of devices without SCCM client installed in your IT infrastructure. This report now shows the last SCCM client installation error codes, including the description of the installation deployment state.
We will cover scenarios for new and existing computers that you may want to upgrade. Windows 10, version 22H2 is a scoped release focused on quality improvements to the overall Windows experience in existing feature areas such as quality, productivity, and security.
Home and Pro editions of the Update will receive 18 months of servicing, and Enterprise and Education editions will have 30 months of service. You may also need to deploy Windows 10 22H2 to your existing Windows 10 computer to stay supported or to benefit from the new features. There are a couple of important changes in this release. Before deploying a new Windows 10 feature upgrade, you need to have a good plan.
Test it in a lab environment, deploy it to a limited group and test all your business applications before broad deployment. Do not treat a feature upgrade as a normal monthly software update.
The release information states: The Windows ADK for Windows 10, version supports all currently supported versions of Windows 10, including version 22H2. ISO file. Ex: WinH2-Wim. Task Sequences are customizable: You can run pre-upgrade and post-upgrade tasks which could be mandatory if you have any sort of customization to your Windows 10 deployments.
For example, Windows 10 is resetting pretty much anything related to regional settings, the keyboard, start menu , and taskbar customization. Servicing Plan has simplicity, you set your option and forget, as Automatic Deployment Rules does for Software Updates.
For migration, you must use an upgrade task sequence. Feature Updates are deployed, managed, and monitored as you would deploy a Software Update. You download and deploy it directly from the SCCM console. Features Updates are applicable and deployable only to existing Windows 10 systems.
Some Windows 10 version shares the same core OS with an identical set of system files, but the new features are in an inactive and dormant state. By deploying the Enablement package you just enable the new feature. The advantage is that it reduces the updated downtime with a single restart. Use the enablement package only to jump to the next Windows 10 version example: to OR 20H2 to 21H2.
You should have downloaded the ISO file in the first step of this guide. We will be importing the default Install. We will cover this in the next section. This package will be used to upgrade an existing Windows 10 or a Windows 7 or 8. This Task Sequence could be used to upgrade an existing Windows 7 or 8.
We are now ready to deploy our task sequence to the computer we want to upgrade. In our case, we are targeting a Windows 10 computer that is running Windows 10 Everything is now ready to deploy to our Windows 10 computers. For our example, we will be upgrading a Windows 10 to Windows 10 22H2. This task sequence can also be used to upgrade existing Windows 7 or 8. To install the Windows 10 22H2 operating system, the process is fairly the same except to start the deployment.
If you encounter any issues, please see our troubleshooting guide. Once Windows 10 is added to your Software Update Point , we will create a Software Update deployment that will be deployed to our Windows 10 deployment collection.
This is really the most straightforward and fastest method to deploy. As stated in the introduction of this post, you can use Servicing Plan to automate the Windows 10 deployment.
Windows 10, version , 20H2, 21H1, and 21H2 share a common core operating system with an identical set of system files.
Therefore, the new features in Windows 10, version 22H2 are included in the latest monthly quality update for Windows 10, version , 20H2, 21H1, and 21H2, but are in an inactive and dormant state. If a device is updating from Windows 10, version , or an earlier version, this feature update enablement package cannot be installed. This is called Hard Block. We have numerous resources on our site for advanced monitoring and we also have pages that cover the whole topic. This guide can be found in our shop.
We developed a report to help you achieve that :. So to wrap up… before you were accessing the Microsoft Intune portal through Azure, now Microsoft wants you to use the new Endpoint Manager Portal. If you already have a Microsoft work or school account, sign in with that account and add Intune to your subscription.
If not, you can sign up for a new account to use Intune for your organization. For tenants using the service release and later , the MDM authority is automatically set to Intune. The MDM authority determines how you manage your devices.
Before enrolling devices, we need to create users. Users will use these credentials to connect to Intune. For our test, we will create users manually in our Azure Active Directory domain but you could use Azure AD Connect to sync your existing accounts. We now need to assign the user a license that includes Intune before enrollment. You can assign a license by users or you can use groups to assign your license more effectively.
Repeat the step for all your users or groups. The Intune company portal is for users to enroll devices and install apps. The portal will be on your user devices. In our example, we will create a basic security setting that will allow monitoring iOS device compliance. I have also attached the startup script that was mentioned earlier in the article for your convenience. Thank you for taking the time to read through this article, I hope you can adapt it to you found it helpful and are able to adapt it your environment with no issues.
Please leave a comment if you come across any issues or just want to leave some feedback. Disclaimer The sample scripts are not supported under any Microsoft standard support program or service. The sample scripts are provided AS IS without warranty of any kind. Microsoft further disclaims all implied warranties including, without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk arising out of the use or performance of the sample scripts and documentation remains with you.
In no event shall Microsoft, its authors, or anyone else involved in the creation, production, or delivery of the scripts be liable for any damages whatsoever including, without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss arising out of the use of or inability to use the sample scripts or documentation, even if Microsoft has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
Azure Automation — Custom Tagged Scripts. Hi, Matthew Walker again. Recently I worked with a few of my co-workers to present a lab on building out Shielded VMs and I thought this would be useful for those of you out there wanting to test this out in a lab environment. Shielded VMs, when properly configured, use Bitlocker to encrypt the drives, prevent access to the VM using the VMConnect utility, encrypt the data when doing a live migration, as well blocking the fabric admin by disabling a number of integration components, this way the only access to the VM is through RDP to the VM itself.
With proper separation of duties this allows for sensitive systems to be protected and only allow those who need access to the systems to get the data and prevent VMs from being started on untrusted hosts.
In my position I frequently have to demo or test in a number of different configurations so I have created a set of configurations to work with a scripted solution to build out labs. At the moment there are some differences between the two and only my fork will work with the configurations I have. Now, to setup your own environment I should lay out the specs of the environment I created this on. All of the above is actually a Hyper-V VM running on my Windows 10 system, I leverage nested virtualization to accomplish this, some of my configs require Windows Server.
Extract them to a directory on your system you want to run the scripts from. Once you have extracted each of the files from GitHub you should have a folder that is like the screenshot below. By default these files should be marked as blocked and prevent the scripts from running, to unblock the files we will need to unblock them. If you open an administrative PowerShell prompt and change to the directory the files are in you can use the Unblock-File cmdlet to resolve this.
This will require you to download the ADKSetup and run it and select to save the installer files. The Help folder under tools is not really necessary, however, to ensure I have the latest PowerShell help files available I will run the Save-Help PowerShell cmdlet to download and save the files so I can install them on other systems.
Next, we move back up to the main folder and populate the Resources Folder, so again create a new folder named Resources. While these are not the latest cumulative updates they were the latest I downloaded and tested with, and are referenced in the config files.
I also include the WMF 5. I know it seems like a lot, but now that we have all the necessary components we can go through the setup to create the VMs. You may receive a prompt to run the file depending on your execution policy settings, and you may be prompted for Admin password as the script is required to be run elevated.
First it will download any DSC modules we need to work with the scripts. You may get prompted to trust the NuGet repository to be able to download the modules — Type Y and hit enter. It will then display the current working directory and pop up a window to select the configuration to build.
The script will then verify that Hyper-V is installed and if it is server it will install the Failover Clustering feature if not installed not needed for shielded VMs, sorry I need to change the logic on that. The Script may appear to hang for a few minutes, but it is actually copying out the. Net 3. The error below is normal and not a concern. Creating the Template files can take quite a long time, so just relax and let it run. Once the first VM Domain Controller is created, I have set up the script to ensure it is fully configured before the other VMs get created.
You will see the following message when that occurs. Periodically during this time you will see message such as the below indicating the status. Once all resources are in the desired state the next set of VMs will be created. Once the script finishes however those VMs are not completely configured, DSC is still running in them to finish out the configuration such as Joining the domain or installing roles and features. So, there you have it, a couple of VMs and DC to begin working on creating a virtualized environment that you can test and play with shielded VMs a bit.
So now grab the documentation linked at the top and you can get started without having to build out the base. I hope this helps you get started playing with some of the new features we have in Windows Server Data disk drives do not cache writes by default. Data disk drives that are attached to a VM use write-through caching. It provides durability, at the expense of slightly slower writes.
As of January 10 th , PowerShell Core 6. For the last two decades, changing the domain membership of a Failover Cluster has always required that the cluster be destroyed and re-created. This is a time-consuming process, and we have worked to improve this.
Howdy folks! Before going straight to the solution, I want to present a real scenario and recall some of the basic concepts in the Identity space.
Relying Party signature certificate is rarely used indeed. Signing the SAML request ensures no one modifies the request.
COM wants to access an expense note application ClaimsWeb. COM purchasing a license for the ClaimsWeb application. Relying party trust:. Now that we have covered the terminology with the entities that will play the role of the IdP or IP, and RP, we want to make it perfectly clear in our mind and go through the flow one more time.
Step : Present Credentials to the Identity Provider. The URL provides the application with a hint about the customer that is requesting access. Assuming that John uses a computer that is already a part of the domain and in the corporate network, he will already have valid network credentials that can be presented to CONTOSO.
These claims are for instance the Username, Group Membership and other attributes. Step : Map the Claims. The claims are transformed into something that ClaimsWeb Application understands.
We have now to understand how the Identity Provider and the Resource Provider can trust each other. When you configure a claims provider trust or relying party trust in your organization with claim rules, the claim rule set s for that trust act as a gatekeeper for incoming claims by invoking the claims engine to apply the necessary logic in the claim rules to determine whether to issue any claims and which claims to issue.
The Claim Pipeline represents the path that claims must follow before they can be issued. The Relying Party trust provides the configuration that is used to create claims. Once the claim is created, it can be presented to another Active Directory Federation Service or claim aware application.
Claim provider trust determines what happens to the claims when it arrives. COM IdP. COM Resource Provider. Properties of a Trust Relationship. This policy information is pulled on a regular interval which is called trust monitoring.
Trust monitoring can be disabled and the pulling interval can be modified. Signature — This is the verification certificate for a Relying Party used to verify the digital signature for incoming requests from this Relying Party.
Otherwise, you will see the Claim Type of the offered claims. Each federation server uses a token-signing certificate to digitally sign all security tokens that it produces. This helps prevent attackers from forging or modifying security tokens to gain unauthorized access to resources. When we want to digitally sign tokens, we will always use the private portion of our token signing certificate.
When a partner or application wants to validate the signature, they will have to use the public portion of our signing certificate to do so. Then we have the Token Decryption Certificate.
Encryption of tokens is strongly recommended to increase security and protection against potential man-in-the-middle MITM attacks that might be tried against your AD FS deployment. Use of encryption might have a slight impact on throughout but in general, it should not be usually noticed and in many deployments the benefits for greater security exceed any cost in terms of server performance.
Encrypting claims means that only the relying party, in possession of the private key would be able to read the claims in the token. This requires availability of the token encrypting public key, and configuration of the encryption certificate on the Claims Provider Trust same concept is applicable at the Relying Party Trust.
By default, these certificates are valid for one year from their creation and around the one-year mark, they will renew themselves automatically via the Auto Certificate Rollover feature in ADFS if you have this option enabled. This tab governs how AD FS manages the updating of this claims provider trust. You can see that the Monitor claims provider check box is checked. ADFS starts the trust monitoring cycle every 24 hours minutes. This endpoint is enabled and enabled for proxy by default.
The FederationMetadata. Once the federation trust is created between partners, the Federation Service holds the Federation Metadata endpoint as a property of its partners, and uses the endpoint to periodically check for updates from the partner.
For example, if an Identity Provider gets a new token-signing certificate, the public key portion of that certificate is published as part of its Federation Metadata. All Relying Parties who partner with this IdP will automatically be able to validate the digital signature on tokens issued by the IdP because the RP has refreshed the Federation Metadata via the endpoint.
The Federation Metadata. XML publishes information such as the public key portion of a token signing certificate and the public key of the Encryption Certificate. What we can do is creating a schedule process which:. You can create the source with the following line as an Administrator of the server:. Signing Certificate. Encryption Certificate. As part of my Mix and Match series , we went through concepts and terminologies of the Identity metasystem, understood how all the moving parts operates across organizational boundaries.
We discussed the certificates involvement in AD FS and how I can use PowerShell to create a custom monitor workload and a proper logging which can trigger further automation. I hope you have enjoyed and that this can help you if you land on this page. Hi everyone, Robert Smith here to talk to you today a bit about crash dump configurations and options. With the wide-spread adoption of virtualization, large database servers, and other systems that may have a large amount or RAM, pre-configuring the systems for the optimal capturing of debugging information can be vital in debugging and other efforts.
Ideally a stop error or system hang never happens. But in the event something happens, having the system configured optimally the first time can reduce time to root cause determination. The information in this article applies the same to physical or virtual computing devices. You can apply this information to a Hyper-V host, or to a Hyper-V guest.
You can apply this information to a Windows operating system running as a guest in a third-party hypervisor. If you have never gone through this process, or have never reviewed the knowledge base article on configuring your machine for a kernel or complete memory dump , I highly suggest going through the article along with this blog.
When a windows system encounters an unexpected situation that could lead to data corruption, the Windows kernel will implement code called KeBugCheckEx to halt the system and save the contents of memory, to the extent possible, for later debugging analysis. The problem arises as a result of large memory systems, that are handling large workloads. Even if you have a very large memory device, Windows can save just kernel-mode memory space, which usually results in a reasonably sized memory dump file.
But with the advent of bit operating systems, very large virtual and physical address spaces, even just the kernel-mode memory output could result in a very large memory dump file.
When the Windows kernel implements KeBugCheckEx execution of all other running code is halted, then some or all of the contents of physical RAM is copied to the paging file. On the next restart, Windows checks a flag in the paging file that tells Windows that there is debugging information in the paging file.
Please see KB for more information on this hotfix. Herein lies the problem. One of the Recovery options is memory dump file type. There are a number of memory. For reference, here are the types of memory dump files that can be configured in Recovery options:.
Anything larger would be impractical. For one, the memory dump file itself consumes a great deal of disk space, which can be at a premium. Second, moving the memory dump file from the server to another location, including transferring over a network can take considerable time.
The file can be compressed but that also takes free disk space during compression. The memory dump files usually compress very well, and it is recommended to compress before copying externally or sending to Microsoft for analysis.
On systems with more than about 32 GB of RAM, the only feasible memory dump types are kernel, automatic, and active where applicable. Kernel and automatic are the same, the only difference is that Windows can adjust the paging file during a stop condition with the automatic type, which can allow for successfully capturing a memory dump file the first time in many conditions. A 50 GB or more file is hard to work with due to sheer size, and can be difficult or impossible to examine in debugging tools.
In many, or even most cases, the Windows default recovery options are optimal for most debugging scenarios. The purpose of this article is to convey settings that cover the few cases where more than a kernel memory dump is needed the first time.
Nobody wants to hear that they need to reconfigure the computing device, wait for the problem to happen again, then get another memory dump either automatically or through a forced method.
The problem comes from the fact that the Windows has two different main areas of memory: user-mode and kernel-mode. User-mode memory is where applications and user-mode services operate.
Kernel-mode is where system services and drivers operate. This explanation is extremely simplistic. More information on user-mode and kernel-mode memory can be found at this location on the Internet:. User mode and kernel mode. What happens if we have a system with a large amount of memory, we encounter or force a crash, examine the resulting memory dump file, and determine we need user-mode address space to continue analysis?
This is the scenario we did not want to encounter. We have to reconfigure the system, reboot, and wait for the abnormal condition to occur again. The secondary problem is we must have sufficient free disk space available. If we have a secondary local drive, we can redirect the memory dump file to that location, which could solve the second problem.
The first one is still having a large enough paging file. If the paging file is not large enough, or the output file location does not have enough disk space, or the process of writing the dump file is interrupted, we will not obtain a good memory dump file.
In this case we will not know until we try. Wait, we already covered this. The trick is that we have to temporarily limit the amount of physical RAM available to Windows.
The numbers do not have to be exact multiples of 2. The last condition we have to meet is to ensure the output location has enough free disk space to write out the memory dump file.
Once the configurations have been set, restart the system and then either start the issue reproduction efforts, or wait for the abnormal conditions to occur through the normal course of operation.
Note that with reduced RAM, there ability to serve workloads will be greatly reduced. Once the debugging information has been obtained, the previous settings can be reversed to put the system back into normal operation. This is a lot of effort to go through and is certainly not automatic. But in the case where user-mode memory is needed, this could be the only option.
Figure 1: System Configuration Tool. Figure 2: Maximum memory boot configuration. Figure 3: Maximum memory set to 16 GB. With a reduced amount of physical RAM, there may now be sufficient disk space available to capture a complete memory dump file. In the majority of cases, a bugcheck in a virtual machine results in the successful collection of a memory dump file. The common problem with virtual machines is disk space required for a memory dump file. The default Windows configuration Automatic memory dump will result in the best possible memory dump file using the smallest amount of disk space possible.
The main factors preventing successful collection of a memory dump file are paging file size, and disk output space for the resulting memory dump file after the reboot.
These drives may be presented to the VM as a local disk, that can be configured as the destination for a paging file or crashdump file. The problem occurs in case a Windows virtual machine calls KeBugCheckEx , and the location for the Crashdump file is configured to write to a virtual disk hosted on a file share.
Depending on the exact method of disk presentation, the virtual disk may not be available when needed to write to either the paging file, or the location configured to save a crashdump file. It may be necessary to change the crashdump file type to kernel to limit the size of the crashdump file. Either that, or temporarily add a local virtual disk to the VM and then configure that drive to be the dedicated crashdump location.
How to use the DedicatedDumpFile registry value to overcome space limitations on the system drive when capturing a system memory dump. The important point is to ensure that a disk used for paging file, or for a crashdump destination drive, are available at the beginning of the operating system startup process.
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure is a technology that presents a desktop to a computer user, with most of the compute requirements residing in the back-end infrastructure, as opposed to the user requiring a full-featured physical computer. Usually the VDI desktop is accessed via a kiosk device, a web browser, or an older physical computer that may otherwise be unsuitable for day-to-day computing needs. Non-persistent VDI means that any changes to the desktop presented to the user are discarded when the user logs off.
Even writes to the paging file are redirected to the write cache disk. Typically the write cache disk is sized for normal day-to-day computer use. The problem occurs that, in the event of a bugcheck, the paging file may no longer be accessible. Even if the pagefile is accessible, the location for the memory dump would ultimately be the write cache disk.
Even if the pagefile on the write cache disk could save the output of the bugcheck data from memory, that data may be discarded on reboot. Even if not, the write cache drive may not have sufficient free disk space to save the memory dump file. In the event a Windows operating system goes non-responsive, additional steps may need to be taken to capture a memory dump. Setting a registry value called CrashOnCtrlScroll provides a method to force a kernel bugcheck using a keyboard sequence.
This will trigger the bugcheck code, and should result in saving a memory dump file. A restart is required for the registry value to take effect. This situation may also help in the case of accessing a virtual computer and a right CTRL key is not available. For server-class, and possibly some high-end workstations, there is a method called Non-Maskable Interrupt NMI that can lead to a kernel bugcheck.
The NMI method can often be triggered over the network using an interface card with a network connection that allows remote connection to the server over the network, even when the operating system is not running. In the case of a virtual machine that is non-responsive, and cannot otherwise be restarted, there is a PowerShell method available.
This command can be issued to the virtual machine from the Windows hypervisor that is currently running that VM. The big challenge in the cloud computing age is accessing a non-responsive computer that is in a datacenter somewhere, and your only access method is over the network. In the case of a physical server there may be an interface card that has a network connection, that can provide console access over the network.
Other methods such as virtual machines, it can be impossible to connect to a non-responsive virtual machine over the network only. The trick though is to be able to run NotMyFault. If you know that you are going to see a non-responsive state in some amount of reasonable time, an administrator can open an elevated. Some other methods such as starting a scheduled task, or using PSEXEC to start a process remotely probably will not work, because if the system is non-responsive, this usually includes the networking stack.
Hopefully this will help you with your crash dump configurations and collecting the data you need to resolve your issues. Hello Paul Bergson back again, and I wanted to bring up another security topic.
There has been a lot of work by enterprises to protect their infrastructure with patching and server hardening, but one area that is often overlooked when it comes to credential theft and that is legacy protocol retirement.
To better understand my point, American football is very fast and violent. Professional teams spend a lot of money on their quarterbacks.
Quarterbacks are often the highest paid player on the team and the one who guides the offense. There are many legendary offensive linemen who have played the game and during their time of play they dominated the opposing defensive linemen.
Over time though, these legends begin to get injured and slow down do to natural aging. Unfortunately, I see all too often, enterprises running old protocols that have been compromised, with in the wild exploits defined, to attack these weak protocols. TLS 1. The WannaCrypt ransomware attack, worked to infect a first internal endpoint.
The initial attack could have started from phishing, drive-by, etc… Once a device was compromised, it used an SMB v1 vulnerability in a worm-like attack to laterally spread internally. A second round of attacks occurred about 1 month later named Petya, it also worked to infect an internal endpoint.
Once it had a compromised device, it expanded its capabilities by not only laterally moving via the SMB vulnerability it had automated credential theft and impersonation to expand on the number devices it could compromise. This is why it is becoming so important for enterprises to retire old outdated equipment, even if it still works! The above listed services should all be scheduled for retirement since they risk the security integrity of the enterprise. The cost to recover from a malware attack can easily exceed the costs of replacement of old equipment or services.
Improvements in computer hardware and software algorithms have made this protocol vulnerable to published attacks for obtaining user credentials. As with any changes to your environment, it is recommended to test this prior to pushing into production. If there are legacy protocols in use, an enterprise does run the risk of services becoming unavailable. To disable the use of security protocols on a device, changes need to be made within the registry.
Once the changes have been made a reboot is necessary for the changes to take effect. The registry settings below are ciphers that can be configured. Note: Disabling TLS 1.
Microsoft highly recommends that this protocol be disabled. KB provides the ability to disable its use, but by itself does not prevent its use.
For complete details see below. The PowerShell command above will provide details on whether or not the protocol has been installed on a device.
Ralph Kyttle has written a nice Blog on how to detect, in a large scale, devices that have SMBv1 enabled. Once you have found devices with the SMBv1 protocol installed, the device should be monitored to see if it is even being used. Open up Event Viewer and review any events that might be listed. The tool provides client and web server testing.
From an enterprise perspective you will have to look at the enabled ciphers on the device via the Registry as shown above. If it is found that it is enabled, prior to disabling, Event Logs should be inspected so as to possibly not impact current applications.
Hello all! Nathan Penn back again with a follow-up to Demystifying Schannel. While finishing up the original post, I realized that having a simpler method to disable the various components of Schannel might be warranted.
If you remember that article, I detailed that defining a custom cipher suite list that the system can use can be accomplished and centrally managed easily enough through a group policy administrative template.
However, there is no such administrative template for you to use to disable specific Schannel components in a similar manner. The result being, if you wanted to disable RC4 on multiple systems in an enterprise you needed to manually configure the registry key on each system, push a registry key update via some mechanism, or run a third party application and manage it. Well, to that end, I felt a solution that would allow for centralized management was a necessity, and since none existed, I created a custom group policy administrative template.
The administrative template leverages the same registry components we brought up in the original post, now just providing an intuitive GUI. For starters, the ever-important logging capability that I showcased previously, has been built-in. So, before anything gets disabled, we can enable the diagnostic logging to review and verify that we are not disabling something that is in use.
While many may be eager to start disabling components, I cannot stress the importance of reviewing the diagnostic logging to confirm what workstations, application servers, and domain controllers are using as a first step.
Once we have completed that ever important review of our logs and confirmed that components are no longer in use, or required, we can start disabling.
Within each setting is the ability to Enable the policy and then selectively disable any, or all, of the underlying Schannel components. Remember, Schannel protocols, ciphers, hashing algorithms, or key exchanges are enabled and controlled solely through the configured cipher suites by default, so everything is on. To disable a component, enable the policy and then checkbox the desired component that is to be disabled. Note, that to ensure that there is always an Schannel protocol, cipher, hashing algorithm, and key exchange available to build the full cipher suite, the strongest and most current components of each category was intentionally not added.
Finally, when it comes to practical application and moving forward with these initiatives, start small. I find that workstations is the easiest place to start. Create a new group policy that you can security target to just a few workstations.
Enable the logging and then review. Then re-verify that the logs show they are only using TLS. At this point, you are ready to test disabling the other Schannel protocols. Once disabled, test to ensure the client can communicate out as before, and any client management capability that you have is still operational. If that is the case, then you may want to add a few more workstations to the group policy security target.
And only once I am satisfied that everything is working would I schedule to roll out to systems in mass. After workstations, I find that Domain Controllers are the next easy stop.
With Domain Controllers, I always want them configured the identically, so feel free to leverage a pre-existing policy that is linked to the Domain Controllers OU and affects them all or create a new one. The important part here is that I review the diagnostic logging on all the Domain Controllers before proceeding. Lastly, I target application servers grouped by the application, or service they provide.
Working through each grouping just as I did with the workstations. Creating a new group policy, targeting a few systems, reviewing those systems, re-configuring applications as necessary, re-verifying, and then making changes.
Both of these options will re-enable the components the next time group policy processes on the system. To leverage the custom administrative template we need to add them to our Policy Definition store. Once added, the configuration options become available under:. Each option includes a detailed description of what can be controlled as well as URLs to additional information.
You can download the custom Schannel ADM files by clicking here! I could try to explain what the krbtgt account is, but here is a short article on the KDC and the krbtgt to take a look at:. Both items of information are also used in tickets to identify the issuing authority.
For information about name forms and addressing conventions, see RFC This provides cryptographic isolation between KDCs in different branches, which prevents a compromised RODC from issuing service tickets to resources in other branches or a hub site.
The RODC does not have the krbtgt secret. Thus, when removing a compromised RODC, the domain krbtgt account is not lost. So we asked, what changes have been made recently? In this case, the customer was unsure about what exactly happened, and these events seem to have started out of nowhere. They reported no major changes done for AD in the past 2 months and suspected that this might be an underlying problem for a long time.
So, we investigated the events and when we looked at it granularly we found that the event was coming from a RODC:. Computer: ContosoDC. Internal event: Active Directory Domain Services could not update the following object with changes received from the following source directory service.
This is because an error occurred during the application of the changes to Active Directory Domain Services on the directory service. To reproduce this error in lab we followed the below steps: —. If you have a RODC in your environment, do keep this in mind. Thanks for reading, and hope this helps! Hi there! Windows Defender Antivirus is a built-in antimalware solution that provides security and antimalware management for desktops, portable computers, and servers.
This library of documentation is aimed for enterprise security administrators who are either considering deployment, or have already deployed and are wanting to manage and configure Windows Defender AV on PC endpoints in their network. Nathan Penn and Jason McClure here to cover some PKI basics, techniques to effectively manage certificate stores, and also provide a script we developed to deal with common certificate store issue we have encountered in several enterprise environments certificate truncation due to too many installed certificate authorities.
To get started we need to review some core concepts of how PKI works. Some of these certificates are local and installed on your computer, while some are installed on the remote site. The lock lets us know that the communication between our computer and the remote site is encrypted.
But why, and how do we establish that trust? Regardless of the process used by the site to get the certificate, the Certificate Chain, also called the Certification Path, is what establishes the trust relationship between the computer and the remote site and is shown below.
As you can see, the certificate chain is a hierarchal collection of certificates that leads from the certificate the site is using support. To establish the trust relationship between a computer and the remote site, the computer must have the entirety of the certificate chain installed within what is referred to as the local Certificate Store. When this happens, a trust can be established and you get the lock icon shown above. But, if we are missing certs or they are in the incorrect location we start to see this error:.
The primary difference being that certificates loaded into the Computer store become global to all users on the computer, while certificates loaded into the User store are only accessible to the logged on user. To keep things simple, we will focus solely on the Computer store in this post. Leveraging the Certificates MMC certmgr. This tool also provides us the capability to efficiently review what certificates have been loaded, and if the certificates have been loaded into the correct location.
Trusted Root CAs are the certificate authority that establishes the top level of the hierarchy of trust. By definition this means that any certificate that belongs to a Trusted Root CA is generated, or issued, by itself. Simple stuff, right? We know about remote site certificates, the certificate chain they rely on, the local certificate store, and the difference between Root CAs and Intermediate CAs now.
But what about managing it all? On individual systems that are not domain joined, managing certificates can be easily accomplished through the same local Certificates MMC shown previously. In addition to being able to view the certificates currently loaded, the console provides the capability to import new, and delete existing certificates that are located within.
Using this approach, we can ensure that all systems in the domain have the same certificates loaded and in the appropriate store. It also provides the ability to add new certificates and remove unnecessary certificates as needed. On several occasions both of us have gone into enterprise environments experiencing authentication oddities, and after a little analysis trace the issue to an Schannel event This list has thus been truncated.
On a small scale, customers that experience certificate bloat issues can leverage the Certificate MMC to deal with the issue on individual systems. Unfortunately, the ability to clear the certificate store on clients and servers on a targeted and massive scale with minimal effort does not exist. This technique requires the scripter to identify and code in the thumbprint of every certificate that is to be purged on each system also very labor intensive.
Only certificates that are being deployed to the machine from Group Policy will remain. The ability to clear the certificate store on clients and servers on a targeted and massive scale with minimal effort.
This is needed to handle certificate bloat issues that can ultimately result in authentication issues. On a small scale, customers that experience certificate bloat issues can leverage the built-in certificate MMC to deal with the issue on a system by system basis as a manual process.
CertPurge then leverages the array to delete every subkey. Prior to performing any operations i. In the event that required certificates are purged, an administrator can import the backup files and restore all purged certificates.
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